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";s:4:"text";s:39222:"Prime Minister Justin Trudeau speaks with Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany. 3. The following table groups the list of past and present prime ministers and details information available in those lists. Often, he was little more than primus inter pares, and was more the cabinet's chairman than its leader. Accordingly, it is often said "not to exist"; indeed there are several instances of parliament declaring this to be the case. George spoke no English, spent much of his time at his home in Hanover, and had neither knowledge of, nor interest in, the details of English government. The prime minister may also submit a bill that has not been yet signed into law to the Constitutional Council (article 61). Instead, her or his powers, duties, appointment and termination follow uncodified conventions. Malaysia's constitution (1957) lists the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Malaysia. There is no formal term of office for the Prime Minister- the Prime Minister, and his/her Cabinet, remain in office as long as the Government (essentially, the Cabinet) can maintain a majority in the House of Commons. The convention in the English language is to call nearly all national heads of government "prime minister" (sometimes the equivalent term "premier") except in the cases where the head of state and head of government are fused into one position, usually a presidency, regardless of the correct title of the head of government as applied in his or her respective country. ", Cabinet department / Office of the Prime Minister, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prime_minister&oldid=1002564749, Articles needing additional references from May 2018, All articles needing additional references, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles containing Italian-language text, Articles needing additional references from June 2012, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Министър-председател, Ministar-predsedatel, Председатель Правительства Российской Федерации, Predsedatel' Pravitel'stva Rossiyskoy Federatsii, This page was last edited on 25 January 2021, at 01:18. It is at this point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge.[5][6]. In federations, the head of government of a federated entity (e.g., a Canadian province, a Brazilian state, etc.) The president of France appoints but cannot dismiss the prime minister. In India, prime ministerial candidates must be a member of parliament, i.e. A … In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of government and head of the executive branch. In parliamentary systems, governments are generally required to have the confidence of the lower house of parliament (though a small minority of parliaments, by giving a right to block supply to upper houses, in effect make the cabinet responsible to both houses, though in reality upper houses, even when they have the power, rarely exercise it). Itineraries Ottawa, Ontario - January 17, 2021. 1. All prime ministers defend the programs of their ministry, and make budgetary choices. In some presidential and all semi-presidential systems, such as those of France, Russia or South Korea, the prime minister is an official generally appointed by the president but usually approved by the legislature and responsible for carrying out the directives of the president and managing the civil service. In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise executive powers (known as the royal prerogative) that are constitutionally vested in the crown and may be exercised without the approval of parliament. Ukraine's constitution (1996) lists the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Ukraine. When the monarch grew tired of a first minister, he or she could be dismissed, or worse: Cromwell was executed and Clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour. While prime ministers are usually chosen from amongst the ranks of the National Assembly, on rare occasions the president has selected a non-officeholder because of their experience in bureaucracy or foreign service, or their success in business management—Dominique de Villepin, for example, served as prime minister from 2005 to 2007 without ever having held an elected office. After 1661, Louis XIV and his descendants refused to allow one of their ministers to be more important than the others, so the term was not in use. In practice, however, this proved insufficient to command the confidence of France's multi-party parliament. Late in Anne's reign, for example, the Tory ministers Harley and Viscount Bolingbroke shared power. This page was last edited on 10 December 2020, at 00:28. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the government. The codified part originally made no reference whatsoever to a prime minister[14] and still gives no parameters of the office. Under Walpole, the doctrine of cabinet solidarity developed. Contrary to popular perception, the two posts are separate and need not be held by the one person. Go to Main Site . In non-Commonwealth countries the prime minister may be entitled to the style of Excellency like a president. In Pakistan, the prime minister is referred to as Wazir-e-Azam, meaning "Grand Vizier". In a minority of systems, notably in semi-presidential systems of government, a prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the head of state. Such a situation, where the president is forced to work with a prime minister who is an opponent, is called a cohabitation. Similarly, though the modern 1937 Irish constitution grants to the Taoiseach the right to make the request, the earlier 1922 Irish Free State Constitution vested the power in the Executive Council (the then name for the Irish cabinet). The RPR had an alliance with the UDF, which gave them a majority. The post of prime minister may be encountered both in constitutional monarchies (such as Belgium, Denmark, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Malaysia, Morocco, Spain,[note 2] Sweden, Thailand, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom) and in parliamentary republics, in which the head of state is an elected official (such as Finland, the Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia (1945–1959), Ireland, Pakistan, Portugal, Montenegro, Croatia, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Turkey (1923–2018)) and Italy). Australia's constitution makes no mention of a Prime Minister of Australia and the office only exists by convention, based on the British model. In the case of Ireland, the head of government is occasionally referred to as the Taoiseach by English speakers. The power of these ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch. For example, right after the legislative election of 1986, President François Mitterrand had to appoint Jacques Chirac prime minister although Chirac was a member of the RPR (Rally for the Republic) and therefore a political opponent of Mitterrand. In the Nordic countries the prime minister is called Statsminister, meaning "Minister of State". Prof. Dr. Andreas Pinkwart Minister für Wirtschaft, Innovation, Digitalisierung und Energie geboren am 18. Other members of Government are appointed by the president "on the recommendation of the prime minister". Most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system, Constitutional basis for the position in different countries. The prestige of British institutions in the 19th century and the growth of the British Empire saw the British model of cabinet government, headed by a prime minister, widely copied, both in other European countries and in British colonial territories as they developed self-government. George II and George III made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal power of the monarch, but the increasing complexity and expense of government meant that a minister who could command the loyalty of the Commons was increasingly necessary. In such systems, the head of state or their official representative (e.g., monarch, president, governor-general) usually holds a largely ceremonial position, although often with reserve powers. This process consists of placing a bill before the Assembly, and either the Assembly overthrows the Government, or the bill is passed automatically (article 49). Though it had de facto existed for centuries, its first mention in official state documents did not occur until the first decade of the twentieth century. A prime minister is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system.Under those systems, a prime minister is not the head of state of their respective state nor a monarch; rather the prime minister is the head of government, serving typically under a monarch in a hybrid of aristocratic … Although the president's choice of prime minister must be in accordance with the majority in the National Assembly, a prime minister does not have to ask for vote of confidence after his or her cabinet's formation. Some officials regarded a powerful Germany as a bulwark against the Soviet Union. [15] The Constitution Act, 1982, adds passing reference to the "Prime Minister of Canada" [French: premier ministre du Canada] but as detail of conferences of federal and provincial first ministers.)[16]. Additionally, Article 20[2] stipulates that the Government "shall determine and conduct the policy of the Nation", and it includes domestic issues, while the president concentrates on formulating directions on national defense and foreign policy while arbitrating the efficient service of all governmental authorities in France. Thailand's constitution (1932) lists the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Thailand. In Israel, the Prime Minister's executive office is officially titled the "Prime Minister's Office" in English, but the original Hebrew term can also be translated as the Prime Minister's Ministry. [2] Before he is allowed to dissolve the Assembly, the president has to consult the prime minister and the presidents of both Houses of Parliament (article 12). [4] The monarch could no longer establish any law or impose any tax without its permission and thus the House of Commons became a part of the government. Most notably, the legislature had the power to force the entire cabinet out of office by a vote of censure. Older constitutions often vest this power in the cabinet. [2], The term prime minister in the current sense originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole (whose official title was First Lord of the Treasury). Under those systems, a prime minister is not the head of state of their respective state nor a monarch; rather the prime minister is the head of government, serving typically under a monarch in a hybrid of aristocratic and democratic government forms or a president in a republican form of government. of either the Lok Sabha (Lower House) or Rajya Sabha (Upper House). Not recognised by any United Nations members. She remained continuously in power until 1990, though she used the assembly of each House of Commons after a general election to reshuffle her cabinet. In some Commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled Right Honourable due to their position (the Prime Minister of Canada, for example). In parliamentary systems a prime minister may enter into office by several means. During the Third and Fourth Republics, the head of government was formally called president of the Council of Ministers (French: Président du Conseil des Ministres), generally shortened to president of the Council (French: Président du Conseil). As well as being head of government, being prime minister may require holding other roles or posts—the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, for example, is also First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service. In many cases, though commonly used, "prime minister" is not the official title of the office-holder; the Spanish prime minister is the President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno). In most systems, the prime minister is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet. Some states, however, do have a term of office of the prime minister linked to the period in office of the parliament. Eden did not formally commit himself to the plan, but that was in itself a decision. A prime minister is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Another example is the Thirty-fourth government of Israel (2015-2019)[update], when Benjamin Netanyahu at one point served as the Prime Minister and those of Communications, Foreign Affairs, Regional Cooperation, Economy, Defense and Interior. PM interacts with Chancellor of Federal Republic of Germany through video-teleconference. Greece's constitution (1975) lists the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Greece. Bangladesh's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal. He is referred to as "president" in both the Persian and English languages. During the Third and Fourth Republics, the head of government was formally called president of the Council of Ministers (French: Président du Conseil des Ministres), generally shortened to president of the Council (French: … No parliamentary vote takes place on who forms a government. Decrees and decisions of the prime minister, like almost all executive decisions, are subject to the oversight of the administrative court system. … The last prime minister not to be First Lord of the Treasury was Lord Salisbury at the turn of the 20th century. As a result, cabinets were often toppled twice a year, and there were long stretches where France was left with only a caretaker government. … Prime Minister’s itinerary for Monday, January 18, 2021. Where they lose a vote of confidence, have a motion of no confidence passed against them, or where they lose supply, most constitutional systems require either: The latter in effect allows the government to appeal the opposition of parliament to the electorate. Norway's constitution (1814) lists the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Norway. Other common forms include president of the council of ministers (for example in Italy, Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri), President of the Executive Council, or Minister-President. It was at this point that the post was formally named "Prime Minister" and took its present form. In India, the Prime Minister is called Pradhān Mantrī, literally meaning the Head of ministers or Prime Minister. Hence the Irish Taoiseach is formally 'renominated' after every general election. Taiwan's constitution (1946) lists the powers, functions and duties of the President of the Executive Yuan. Under some presidential systems, such as South Korea and Peru, the prime minister is not the head of government; rather, he or she is only the leader or most senior member of the cabinet. See also "First Minister", "Premier", "Chief Minister", "Chancellor", "Taoiseach", "Minister of State (Statsminister)", "President of the Government", "President of the Council of Minister" and "Secretary of State": alternative titles usually equivalent in meaning to, or translated as, "prime minister". The United Kingdom's constitution, being uncodified and largely unwritten, makes no mention of a prime minister. Bahrain's former prime minister, Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah occupied the post from 1970 to November 2020, making him the longest serving non-elected prime minister. Excerpts of this speech and another before the House of Commons are included here. An example or this situation was in 2016 in the United Kingdom when Theresa May was elected leader of the Conservative Party while David Cameron was still prime minister. In the UK, where devolved government is in place, the leaders of the Scottish, Northern Irish and Welsh Governments are styled First Minister. However, the post was usually called "prime minister" or "premier" in non-French sources. Few decrees are taken after advice from the Council of State (French: Conseil d'État). Juri Ratas has resigned but denies any wrongdoing after a probe was opened into his … On September 27, 1938, when negotiations between Hitler and Chamberlain were strained, the British Prime Minister addressed the British people. * * * * * First of all I must say something to those who … Jüri Ratas resigned as prime minister of Estonia and head of the Centre Party on Wednesday, amid allegations of corruption against his party. The prime minister of the French Republic (French: Premier ministre français), sometimes shortened to premier, is the head of government of France. Estonian Prime Minister Juri Ratas said he would resign on Wednesday amid corruption allegations against his political party. The prime minister proposes a list of ministers to the president of the Republic. In the United Kingdom, for example, the tradition whereby it is the prime minister who requests a dissolution of parliament dates back to 1918. [note 1] In some cases, prime ministers may choose to hold additional ministerial posts (e.g. After several unsuccessful attempts to strengthen the role in the first half of the twentieth century, a semi-presidential system was introduced under the Fifth Republic. In these systems, it is possible for the president and the prime minister to be from different political parties if the legislature is controlled by a party different from that of the president. Between 1921 and 1972, when Northern Ireland was a Majority Rule Parliament the head of government would be known as the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland. Premier read as (Simplified Chinese: 总理; pinyin: Zŏnglĭ) in Chinese. PM’s inaugural address at the National Metrology Conclave in New Delhi. Walpole required that no minister other than himself have private dealings with the king, and also that when the cabinet had agreed on a policy, all ministers must defend it in public, or resign. Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII; William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I; Clarendon under Charles II and Godolphin under Queen Anne. The position, power and status of prime ministers differ depending on the age of the constitution. Prior to then, it was the entire government that made the request. The President of India; Rajya Sabha; Lok Sabha; The Cabinet Secretariat; Press Information Bureau; Gandhi; Just Climate Action India @ cop21 . [2] In addition to ensuring that the Government still has support in the House, some bills that might prove too controversial to pass through the normal Assembly rules are able to be passed this way. Canada has a 'mixed' or hybrid constitution, partly formally codified and partly uncodified. Conversely, some Prime Minister's Offices incorporate the role of Cabinet, while Australia’s Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet joins them at par. Most prime ministers in parliamentary systems are not appointed for a specific term in office and in effect may remain in power through a number of elections and parliaments. CHISINAU, Dec 31 (Reuters) - Moldova's new president, Maia Sandu, on Thursday appointed Foreign Minister Aureliu Ciocoi as the acting prime minister, a presidential decree showed. In most modern parliamentary systems, the prime minister is the person who decides when to request a parliamentary dissolution. Recognised by at least one United Nations member. Laurent Fabius1984–1986 (1946-08-20) 20 August 1946 (age 74), Édith Cresson1991–1992 (1934-01-27) 27 January 1934 (age 86), Édouard Balladur1993–1995 (1929-05-02) 2 May 1929 (age 91), Alain Juppé1995–1997 (1945-08-15) 15 August 1945 (age 75), Lionel Jospin1997–2002 (1937-07-12) 12 July 1937 (age 83), Jean-Pierre Raffarin2002–2005 (1948-08-03) 3 August 1948 (age 72), Dominique de Villepin2005–2007 (1953-11-14) 14 November 1953 (age 67), François Fillon2007–2012 (1954-03-04) 4 March 1954 (age 66), Jean-Marc Ayrault2012–2014 (1950-01-25) 25 January 1950 (age 71), Manuel Valls2014–2016 (1962-08-13) 13 August 1962 (age 58), Bernard Cazeneuve2016–2017 (1963-06-02) 2 June 1963 (age 57), Édouard Philippe2017–2020 (1970-11-28) 28 November 1970 (age 50), Several incarnations since the Ancien Régime, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, "French National Assembly – Assemblée nationale", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_France&oldid=993319189, Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, The only person to serve as prime minister more than once under the Fifth Republic was, The youngest appointed prime minister was, The only woman who was appointed at the head of government is. Japan's constitution (1946) lists the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Japan. The title was first referred to on government documents during the administration of Benjamin Disraeli but did not appear in the formal British Order of precedence until 1905. Despite the fact that Mitterrand's own Socialist Party was the largest party in the Assembly, it did not have an absolute majority. Germany's Basic Law (1949) lists the powers, functions and duties of the federal chancellor. (Some constitutional experts have questioned whether this process is actually in keeping with the provisions of the Irish constitution, which appear to suggest that a taoiseach should remain in office, without the requirement of a renomination, unless s/he has clearly lost the general election.) The title was however informal and used alongside the equally informal principal ministre d'État ("chief minister of the state") more as a job description. A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714 and the accession of George I to the throne. The Prime Minister's Department is also used, as is Cabinet Department. August 1960 in Berg-Seelscheid Werdegang Abitur 1980: Mitglied der FDP Ausbildung zum Bankkaufmann Studium der Volks- und Betriebswirtschaftslehre an den Universitäten Münster und Bonn 1987: Abschluss als Diplom-Volkswirt 1987 bis 1991: Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter … Czech Republic's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal. By the late 20th century,[10][11] the majority of the world's countries had a prime minister or equivalent minister, holding office under either a constitutional monarchy or a ceremonial president. is most commonly known as the premier, chief minister, governor or minister-president. Although there was a cabinet, it was appointed entirely by the monarch, and the monarch usually presided over its meetings. Although managing the parliament was among the necessary skills of holding high office, they did not depend on a parliamentary majority for their power. [7][8][9] In some places alternative titles such as "premier", "chief minister", "first minister of state", "president of the council" or "chancellor" were adopted, but the essentials of the office were the same. In the United Kingdom the prime minister and former prime ministers may appear to also be styled Right Honourable, however this is not due to their position as head of government but as a privilege of being current members of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.[12]. As appointment to the Privy Council normally lasts for life, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, Sheikh Khalid bin Khalifa bin Abdul Aziz Al Thani, List of current prime ministers by date of assumption of office, List of current heads of state and government, List of democracy and election-related topics, "Testament Politique du Cardinal Duc de Richelieu, Premier Ministre de France sous le Règne de Louïs XIII", "A Globalizing Constitutionalism?, Views from the Postcolony, 1945-2000", "How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World", "Finland's new 34-year-old prime minister to be youngest in the world, backed by all-female leaders", The Prime Minister: The Office and Its Holders Since 1945, "Prime Ministers and Parliaments: The Long View, Walpole to Blair. The few exceptions to the rule are Germany and Austria, whose heads of government titles are almost always translated as Chancellor; Monaco, whose head of government is referred to as the Minister of State; and Vatican City, for which the head of government is titled the Secretary of State. The prime minister is appointed by the president of the Republic, who is theoretically free to pick whomever he pleases for the post. The Prime Minister's executive office is usually called the Office of the Prime Minister or Cabinet Office. However, at the ensuing 1962 French legislative election, de Gaulle's coalition won an increased majority, and Pompidou was reappointed prime minister. Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on geographical definition. Spain's constitution (1978) regulates the appointment, dismissal, powers, functions and duties of the President of the Government. The head of government of the People's Republic of China is referred to as the Premier of the State Council and the premier of the Republic of China (Taiwan) is also appointed by the president, but requires no approval by the legislature. As a later prime minister, Lord Melbourne, said, "It matters not what we say, gentlemen, so long as we all say the same thing.". 2. A stand-out case is the President of Iran, who is not actually a head of state, but the head of the government of Iran. Under the circumstances, the president of the council was usually a fairly weak figure whose strength more dependent on charisma than formal powers. The extent to which those decisions lie with the prime minister or president depends upon whether they are of the same party. Walpole always denied that he was "prime minister", and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and legal scholars continued to deny that any such position was known to the Constitution. According to article 21 of the Constitution,[2] the prime minister "shall direct the actions of the Government". The prime minister is the holder of the second highest office of France. Although the roles of the Spanish head of government coincide with the definition of a 'prime minister', in Spain the position is in fact referred to as 'the Presidency of the Government'. In practice, because the National Assembly does have the power to force the resignation of the cabinet by adopting a motion of censure, the choice of prime minister must reflect the will of the majority in the Assembly. Jean Castex was appointed Prime Minister on 3 July 2020. Walpole chaired cabinet meetings, appointed all the other ministers, dispensed the royal patronage and packed the House of Commons with his supporters. Itineraries Ottawa, Ontario - January 17, 2021. The long tenure of the wartime prime minister William Pitt the Younger (1783–1801), combined with the mental illness of George III, consolidated the power of the post. Italy's constitution (1948) lists the powers, functions and duties of the President of the Council of Ministers. During the whole of the 18th Century, Britain was involved in a prolonged conflict with France, periodically bursting into all-out war, and Britons took outspoken pride in their "Liberty" as contrasted to the "Tyranny" of French Absolute Monarchy; therefore, being implicitly compared with Richelieu was no compliment to Walpole. The prime minister can "engage the responsibility" of his or her Government before the National Assembly. The Constitution Act, 1867 only establishes the Queen's Privy Council for Canada, to which all federal ministers (among others) are appointed and with Members[note 3] of which the Monarch or her Governor General normally performs executive government (as Queen- or Governor-in-Council). Prime Minister’s itinerary for Sunday, January 17, 2021. In a situation in which a ruling party elects or appoints a new leader, the incoming leader will usually be referred as "prime minister-in-waiting". The 1958 Constitution includes several provisions intended to strengthen the prime minister's position, for instance by restricting the legislature's power to censure the government. Appointment of the prime minister of France requires no approval by the parliament either, but the parliament may force the resignation of the government. Ireland's constitution (1937), provides for the office of Taoiseach in detail, listing powers, functions and duties. The position of prime minister is normally chosen from the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament. In these circumstances it was inevitable that the king's first minister would become the de facto head of the government. Prime Minister’s itinerary for … Wilfried Martens, who served as Prime Minister of Belgium, described his role as follows: In the Russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled Chairman of the government while the Irish prime minister is called the Taoiseach (which is rendered into English as prime minister), and in Israel he is Rosh HaMemshalah, meaning "head of the government". ( article 61 ) are separate and need not be held by the of... And took its present form occasionally referred to as `` president '' in both the Persian English. Pm CARES Fund Commons with his supporters, but they have wide.... Rpr had an alliance with the UDF, which gave them a.. 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