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Eight pens approximately 3 m × 10 m in size were used to hold eight mature male deer beginning in October 1998. Growth Cycle. Following is a summary of Texas Parks and Wildlife Department research conducted at the Kerr Wildlife Management Area Deer Pens (a Pittman-Robertson supported research facility). Male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are assumed to search widely for females in estrus; but the rut (2–4 weeks) and estrus (1–2 days) are short and males would benefit by having a strategy to locate mates.

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Pens had bare ground and contained covered areas for shelter. Fifteen male white-tailed deer were assigned to one of three diets: 2% NH(4)Cl, 3% commercial tannic acid, or a basal ration without additive. Fibromatosis is a common skin disease of white-tailed deer, mule deer, black-tailed deer, and other Cervidae in North America. White-tailed deer are also good swimmers and often enter large streams and lakes to escape predators or insects or to visit islands. White-tailed Deer Role of Genetics in Antler Development What role do genetics play in antler development? Because sexual segregation forms the basis for habitat selection patterns and potentially, nutritional needs within deer species, knowledge of the mechanisms could be used to better manage deer in agricultural complexes to minimize depredation. Age‐specific body mass is a variable of interest to managers and hunters of white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).Long hunting seasons across much of the southern United States include most of the period of active rut, when individual body mass fluctuates over time. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) born and raised in captivity live, on average, three times longer than wild populations.Raising white-tailed deer in captivity brings about significant changes to their diet. Research with mature male white-tailed deer was conducted at the Texas A&M University-Kingsville Captive Animal facility, located 1.5 km north of Kingsville, Texas. Female deer, called does, Certain gland secretions mix with urine, which gives deer information about the sex and reproductive state of other deer in their vicinity. Deer rely heavily on scent for communication, especially during mating season. Nutrition has been shown to play an important role in survival and reproduction of white-tailed deer. Although only 1 subspecies of white-tailed deer (O. v. dacotensis) inhabits South Dakota (Baker 1984), deer occupying the Black Hills are smaller than those in the eastern portion of the state; mean body mass of adult female deer from eastern South Dakota was 69 kg (Grovenburg 2007), whereas female white-tailed deer from the Black Hills Male deer, called bucks, will mate with sev-eral female deer. White-tailed deer often live in either matriarchal social groups or in male groups made up of a dominant male and occasionally first-year males (Smith, 1991).

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